LKAB: extracting phosphorus and rare earths from iron ore

Project scope

LKAB is developing a facility in Luleå to extract phosphorus and rare earth elements from materials already present in its iron ore production. A demonstration plant is due to begin operating soon, with plans to scale up to process material from Malmberget. The approach is circular: recover additional minerals from mined ore rather than opening a new mine.

Strategic context

The initiative has gained strategic weight after the war in Ukraine and shifting geopolitics, prompting greater emphasis on self-sufficiency and supply resilience. Europe’s domestic phosphorus supply is limited and imports come from Russia, China, Morocco and the United States. Rare earths are largely processed in China, creating a dependence that affects electrification, advanced electronics, military applications and consumer devices.

Local and operational impacts

The industrial park could supply surplus heat and steam to Luleå’s district heating system, partly offsetting heat lost when a local blast furnace closes. The development is expected to create about 500 operational jobs and wider demand for deliveries, maintenance and services.

Collaboration and future outlook

LKAB is coordinating with Luleå Municipality, the Port of Luleå, the Swedish Transport Administration, Green Industrial Forum and Luleå University of Technology on land, infrastructure, logistics, research and skills. Per Geijer is identified as a longer‑term resource with higher apatite per tonne and an exploitation concession, and LKAB frames the venture as a multi‑decade industry with investment horizons of at least 25 years.